Introduction

Assignment

Biology

Question and Answers

1. Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms. Describe the following terms related to human cell

1.1

Structure of cell

The diagrammatic representation for structure of cell is shown below

1.2

Function of cell

• To provide support
• To produce energy
• To aid in reproduction
• To aid in metabolic reactions.
• To provide structure
• To help in transportation of materials

1.3

Cellular respiration

The process of release of chemical energy due to the oxidation of organic molecules is known as cellular respiration.

1.4

Requirements of cell for survival

• Nutrients
• Energy
• Growth
• Removal of waste Products

2. Define cellular adaptation

The process in which the cells undergo various functional and structural changes to cope up with environment is called as cellular adapdation.

3. Explain the following major types of cellular adaptation given in the table (in 30-50 words each).

Types Cellular adaptation Description

There are 4 types of cellular adapdation v.i.z atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia and hyperplasia

4. Movement of substances within and between body fluids, sometimes across a barrier such as the cell membrane is essential to normal physiology. Mention the direction, requirement and one example of substance transported by the following transport systems.

Transport system [Active transport ] Requirement [Carrier molecule and cell energy] Example [Ions, sugars, amino acids] Direction [Low to high concentration]

4.1

Simple Diffusion

It is the process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane

4.2

Facilitated diffusion

It is the method where the spontaneous process of molecules is used via transmembrane.

4.3

Osmosis

The process where molecules are passed from low concentration region to high concentration region.

4.4

Hydrostatic force

Integration of hydrostatic pressure over wetted surface is called hydrostatic force.

5. Environmental health problems arising from environmental emergencies are connected to their effects on the physical, biological and social environment that pose a threat to human health. Specify one (1) effect of the following environmental emergencies on human body and mention any three (3) signs and symptoms of the particular effect.

Environmental emergencies Effect on human body (1) Signs and symptoms (3)

5.1

Diving

Effect : Increase in heart rate

Signs: Unconciousness, Short of Breathing, Coughing

5.2

High altitude

Effect: Increase in blood pressure

Signs: Nausea, headache, vomitting

5.3

Temperature

Effect : Low Blood pressure

Signs: Headache, Loosemotions, vomitting

6. Mr Jims, 68 year-old man presented to the Emergency Department following a house fire. The flat below his had caught fire during the night, and the smoke rose through the floors and windows, and the patient was exposed to significant smoke inhalation. He is suspected to have carbon monoxide poisoning. Answer the following questions based on the scenario.

6.1

What might be the pathophysiological changes brought about by carbon monoxide in his body?

Pathophysiological changes may be involvement of hypoxic stress

6.2

Enlist the possible signs and symptoms that the patient may manifest?

• Suffocation
• Difficulty in breathing
• Loss of appetite

7. Describe the impact of following processes in human body (in 10 to 40 words).

7.1

Surgical insult

It leads to creation of stress on the person who is surgically insulted.

7.2

Penetrating Trauma

It is caused due to gunshot injuries may lead to deformation of dense organs like liver

7.3

Blunt trauma

Bruises caused due to Blunt trauma may lead to fatal conditions like blood clots.

8. Define the following terms related to human body and measurements in different body systems (in 20 -30 words).

Terms Definition

Medial Toward the midline of the body.

The middle line or middle plane of the frame or part of the frame.

Terms Definition

8.1

Lateral

It is placed or extends away from the central aircraft of the frame

8.2

Mid-axillary line

It is the imaginary line between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line.

8.3

Anterior

It is a term used for describing the front of body.

8.4

Posterior

It is a term used for describing the back of body.

8.5

Ventral

It is a term used for referring towards the stomach.

8.6

Dorsal

It is a term used for referring towards the back.

8.7

Superior
It is a term used for referring above.

8.8

Inferior

It is a term used for referring below.

8.9

Proximal

It is a term used for towards the beginning.

8.10

Distal

It is a term used for referring away from point.

8.11

Torso

It is a term used for referring trunk of body.

8.12

Plane

Plane in anatomy refers to smooth surface of body

8.13

Sagittal plane

The plane which helps in division of body in right and left planes

8.14

Median sagittal plane

It could be considered as the plane running through the center of body.

8.15

Coronal plane

An imaginary plane that divides the body into spinal and ventral parts.

8.16

Transverse plane

An imaginary aircraft that divides the body into upper and decrease extremities

8.17

Blood pressure

The energy used by the blood at the vessel wall.

8.18

Body mass index

It is ratio of person’s weight to the square of person’s height.

8.19

Cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped per minute is cardiac output.

8.20

Tachypnea
The breathing which is shallow and rapid.

8.21

Hypercapnia
It is the sudden increment of Carbon dioxide in blood.

8.22

Hypoxia

Sudden deficiency of oxygen in blood.

8.23

Intracranial pressure

It is sudden increment of pressure in brain.

8.24

Peristalsis

It is Random congestion and rest of the intestinal muscle mass

8.25

Glomerular filtration

Test which is used to decide the well functioning of kidneys

9. The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

DISEASES AFFECTING THE CNS Stroke (Cerebro Vascular Accident)

9.1

Definition

It happens when the blood supply to the brain is reduced or completely blocked, which prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and vitamins.

9.2

Briefly outline the Pathophysiology

What is a neurologic disorder characterized pathologically by means of the loss of neurons in Substantia Nigra and clinically by way of tremors at rest, muscle stiffness, facial expressions, and mood swings.

9.3

List four signs

Heart Attack

Low BP

Vomitting

Nausea

9.4

Nurses are required to provide head up position for a client with stroke. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

It is simple talk, wave and Smile.

10. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Cns Epilepsy

10.1

Definition

CNS disorder that triggers TTS includes epilepsy, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid bleeding, or PRES syndrome. Arrhythmias resulting from genetic CNS ailment include supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias leading to coronary heart palpitations, dizziness, vertigo, fainting, syncope, (close to) sudden cardiac loss of life, or sudden unexplained dying from epilepsy (SUDEP).

10.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

What is a neurologic disorder characterized pathologically by means of the loss of neurons in Substantia Nigra and clinically by way of tremors at rest, muscle stiffness, facial expressions, and mood swings.

10.3

List four signs

Nausea

Vomitting

Headache

Heart Attack

10.4

Nurses should provide padded side rails for patients with seizures. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

It is simple talk, Wave and Smile.

11. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Cardiovascular System Raynaud’s phenomenon

11.1

Definition

Condition resulting in causing cold and numbness in hands and feet

11.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Sudden numbness and feeling of cold in feet and hands

11.3

List four signs

Itching

Swelling

Sneezing

Nausea

11.4

Impact of calcium channel blockers in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon

CCBs are modestly to reduce the frequency of assaults on Raynaud’s first object. There is not any evidence that invasive intensity or physiologic values are decreased by CCBs. Treatment is associated with aspect results including headache, sweating, and edema.

12. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Asthma

12.1

Definition

It is characterized by means of narrowing of the respiration tract, airways, and inflammation of the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath, shortness of breath and cough.

12.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

In asthma, the best life expectancy main to medical signs is shortness of breath and subsequent airway obstruction. In intense allergies, easy bronchial muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) occurs hastily to lessen respiratory tract reaction to publicity to a ramification of causes such as allergies or irritants.

12.3

List four specific signs

Shortage of breath

Nausea

Vomitting

Headache

12.4

Impact of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma

The particular pharmacologic homes of ciclesonide, consisting of reduced nearby side outcomes, cortisol depletion, and the option to take a dose once a day, might also improve remedy adherence and allow lengthy-term use of ICSs without fear of systemic side results.

13. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Pneumonia

13.1

Definition

Infection of the air sacs in one or each lungs. It is characterised by excessive cough followed via phelgm, fever, chills and problem breathing.

13.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia is a lung disease characterised by using irritation of the lung parenchyma.

13.3

List four signs

Fever

Cough

Chills

Nausea

13.4

Nurses should encourage hydration unless contraindicated. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

Its simple smile, talk and wave

14. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Peptic ulcer

14.1

Definition

A perforation or a hollow in the lining of the small gut, lower throat or stomach.

14.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Peptic ulcer sickness (PUD) has open sores on the protective lining of the stomach and small intestine above. Gastric or peptic ulcer: It takes place in the belly and duodenal ulcers arise in the higher part of the small intestine (duodenum).

14.3

List four specific signs

Stomach pain

Vomitting

Nausea

Headche

14.4

Impact of antibiotic therapy on patients with peptic ulcer disease.

Antibiotic treatment has a considerable effect on reducing the overall price of peptic ulcer sickness. 

15. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Cirrhosis of liver

15.1

Definition

Decreasing liver disease leading to tiers and liver failure.

15.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Cirrhosis of the liver is a persistent disease that reasons the destruction of cells and fibrosis (scars) of hepatic tissue.

15.3

List four specific signs

Stomach pain

Swelling

Vomitting

Headache

15.4

What is the impact of a high protein diet on patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver?

Increase in Ammonia Levels.

16. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Gout

16.1

Definition

Gout occurs when uric acid within the blood exits the joint, forming crystals, causing severe pain.

16.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

More pathophysiological examination sites are had to improve gout. First, excessive urate awareness is required: excess urate manufacturing and low urination make a contribution to general urate balance. Excess production happens due to adjustments in purine synthesis and degradation mechanisms.

16.3

List four specific signs

Stomach Pain

Joint Pain

Headache

Nausea

16.4

Impact of allopurinol on patients with gout.

Reduction of uric acid in patients suffering from cancer.

17. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Carpal tunnel syndrome

17.1

Definition

Carpal tunnel syndrome is resulting from a stress sensor within the carpal tunnel, a small line on the facet of your wrist. The shape of your hand, health problems, and viable repeated hand movements can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome.

17.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Carpal tunnel syndrome is resulting from a stress sensor within the carpal tunnel, a small line on the facet of your wrist. The shape of your hand, health problems, and viable repeated hand movements can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome.

17.3

List four specific signs

Cough

Sneezing

Shortage of breath

Unconciousness

17.4

What is the Impact of Wearing a Splint for a Patient with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

People with carpal tunnel syndrome skilled a marked improvement in signs and symptoms and skilled 6 weeks after hand surgical operation.

18. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Nephrotic syndrome

18.1

Definition

Kidney problems that reason your frame to skip too much protein into your urine.

18.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Pathophysiology The growth of a stone begins with the formation of crystals inside the particularly concentrated urine and then attaches to the urothelium, hence forming a nidus for subsequent stone increase.

18.3

List four specific signs

Stomach Pain

Headache

Nausea

Vomitting

18.4

Nurses should advice the patients with nephrotic syndrome to restrict salt intake. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

Too plenty sodium within the eating regimen can lead to continued fluid retention and salt retention, main to uncomfortable inflammation and high blood pressure.

19. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System urinary tract infection (UTI)

19.1

Definition

Infection of any a part of the urinary system, along with the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

19.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

UTI can arise in a selection of medical settings, generally displaying cystitis (an infection of the bladder) or pyelonephritis (an contamination of the kidneys). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most commonplace cause of UTI (especially among communicable illnesses), amongst different viruses.

19.3

List four specific signs

Stomach pain

Bleeding

Itching

Nausea

19.4

Nurses should ensure adequate fluid intake in patients with urinary tract infection. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

This will reduce Pain

20. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

20.1

Definition

Pelvic inflammatory ailment Pelvic inflammatory ailment of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and cervix. Untreated pelvic inflammatory sickness can reason the tissues they may be uncovered to and the buildup of inflamed fluid (abscesses) to grow on your reproductive tubes and damage your reproductive organs.

20.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Pelvic inflammatory ailment Pelvic inflammatory ailment of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and cervix. Untreated pelvic inflammatory sickness can reason the tissues they may be uncovered to and the buildup of inflamed fluid (abscesses) to grow on your reproductive tubes and damage your reproductive organs.

20.3

List four specific signs

White Discharge through Vagina

Numbness in Breasts

Stomach Pain

Fever

20.4

A combination of antibiotics are used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease. Briefly describe the impact of this intervention.

PID Treatment with Antibiotics As quickly as a lady is recognized with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), she desires to be handled with suitable medicines which include antibiotics. Two or greater types of antibiotics may be given to your doctor on the equal time as wished. Antibiotics can kill germs that cause sickness.

20. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Cns Epilepsy

20.1

Definition

CNS disorder that triggers TTS includes epilepsy, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid bleeding, or PRES syndrome. Arrhythmias resulting from genetic CNS ailment include supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias leading to coronary heart palpitations, dizziness, vertigo, fainting, syncope, (close to) sudden cardiac loss of life, or sudden unexplained dying from epilepsy (SUDEP).

20.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

What is a neurologic disorder characterized pathologically by means of the loss of neurons in Substantia Nigra and clinically by way of tremors at rest, muscle stiffness, facial expressions, and mood swings.

20.3

List four signs

Nausea

Vomitting

Headache

Heart Attack

20.4

Nurses should provide padded side rails for patients with seizures. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

It is simple talk, Wave and Smile.

21.

Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Cardiovascular System Raynaud’s phenomenon

21.1

Definition

Condition resulting in causing cold and numbness in hands and feet

21.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Sudden numbness and feeling of cold in feet and hands

21.3

List four signs

Itching

Swelling

Sneezing

Nausea

21.4

Impact of calcium channel blockers in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon

CCBs are modestly to reduce the frequency of assaults on Raynaud’s first object. There is not any evidence that invasive intensity or physiologic values are decreased by CCBs. Treatment is associated with aspect results including headache, sweating, and edema.

22.

Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Asthma

22.1

Definition

It is characterized by means of narrowing of the respiration tract, airways, and inflammation of the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath, shortness of breath and cough.

22.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

In asthma, the best life expectancy main to medical signs is shortness of breath and subsequent airway obstruction. In intense allergies, easy bronchial muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) occurs hastily to lessen respiratory tract reaction to publicity to a ramification of causes such as allergies or irritants.

22.3

List four specific signs

Shortage of breath

Nausea

Vomitting

Headache

22.4

Impact of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma

The particular pharmacologic homes of ciclesonide, consisting of reduced nearby side outcomes, cortisol depletion, and the option to take a dose once a day, might also improve remedy adherence and allow lengthy-term use of ICSs without fear of systemic side results.

24. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Pneumonia

24.1

Definition

Infection of the air sacs in one or each lungs. It is characterised by excessive cough followed via phelgm, fever, chills and problem breathing.

24.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia is a lung disease characterised by using irritation of the lung parenchyma.

24.3

List four signs

Fever

Cough

Chills

Nausea

24.4

Nurses should encourage hydration unless contraindicated. Briefly describe the impact of this nursing intervention.

Its simple smile, talk and wave

25. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Peptic ulcer

25.1

Definition

A perforation or a hollow in the lining of the small gut, lower throat or stomach.

25.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Peptic ulcer sickness (PUD) has open sores on the protective lining of the stomach and small intestine above. Gastric or peptic ulcer: It takes place in the belly and duodenal ulcers arise in the higher part of the small intestine (duodenum).

25.3

List four specific signs

Stomach pain

Vomitting

Nausea

Headche

25.4

Impact of antibiotic therapy on patients with peptic ulcer disease.

Antibiotic treatment has a considerable effect on reducing the overall price of peptic ulcer sickness. 

26. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Cirrhosis of liver

26.1

Definition

Decreasing liver disease leading to tiers and liver failure.

26.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Cirrhosis of the liver is a persistent disease that reasons the destruction of cells and fibrosis (scars) of hepatic tissue.

26.3

List four specific signs

Stomach pain

Swelling

Vomitting

Headache

26.4

What is the impact of a high protein diet on patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver?

Increase in Ammonia Levels.

27 Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Respiratory System Gout

27.1

Definition

Gout occurs when uric acid within the blood exits the joint, forming crystals, causing severe pain.

27.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

More pathophysiological examination sites are had to improve gout. First, excessive urate awareness is required: excess urate manufacturing and low urination make a contribution to general urate balance. Excess production happens due to adjustments in purine synthesis and degradation mechanisms.

27.3

List four specific signs

Stomach Pain

Joint Pain

Headache

Nausea

27.4

Impact of allopurinol on patients with gout.

Reduction of uric acid in patients suffering from cancer.

28. Briefly describe basic chemistry of the following human body processes in 30-40 words each) and provide one (1) example of chemical reaction related to each.

28.1

Metabolism

Chemical strategies that take place within an organism to preserve life.

28.2

Respiration

The process of breathing is respiration.

Interpreting Arterial Blood Gases.

Using the alternatives below fill in the gaps in the following table:
Respiratory alkalosis,
Renal (Metabolic) acidosis
Renal (Metabolic) alkalosis

pH Primary problem Condition

Low PCO₂ Respiratory acidosis

pH /Primary problem Condition

29.1

High / PCO2

29.2

Low / HCO3

29.3

High / HCO3

Mr Reynold had undergone craniotomy and he is on 2nd post op day. You are there to take over the client from the staff of previous shift. Answer the following question based on the scenario.
On assessing the level of consciousness of Mr Reynold, you got a score of E2M3V1, which is entirely different from the previous reading (E4M4V3).

30.1

Mention your interpretation.

It is a case of toxic brain syndrome

30.2

Describe how you would respond in this situation as an enrolled nurse 

I will make the patient comfortable and give him medications related to toxic brain syndrome

31. Enrolled nurses should be aware of various signs and symptoms related to each body systems. This helps with doing focussed or system wise assessment of the client.
    Answer the following questions in relation to cellulitis

31.1

What is cellulitis?

Skins Bacterial Infection

31.2

What are the common causes of cellulitis?

Bacterial Infection

31.3

What are the common assessment findings, signs and symptoms of cellulitis?

Swelling, Pain, Red spots

32. Based on the given example in the table given below, mention the contraindications and nursing implications to specific health assessment findings

Health assessment findings Contraindications

Eg: Edema Edema may be a sign of fluid overload. Therefore, IV Fluids are likely to be contra indicated.

Nursing implications:

-Monitor Fluid balance

-Assess for skin integrity and implement strategies to prevent skin breakdown

-Position client comfortably to assist with breathing and to prevent friction and shear

-Administer diuretics and other medications as prescribed

Health assessment findings Contraindications

32.1

Dyspnea or wheezing

32.2

Bleeding

32.3

Hypotension

32.4

Allergy to seafood

32.5

Past history of Mastectomy

32.6

Neutropenia

33. You got information from the admitting office that Mr John 45 years old client with complaints of fever and headache wants to get admitted to your unit for observation and treatment. Answer the following questions.

33.1

Describe your role as an enrolled nurse in admitting Mr John to your unit (in 30-40 words).

I will make Mr John comfortable and do blood test to check if he is suffering from Dengue or typhoid.

33.2

Enlist twelve(12) pieces of information that you would document in his admission database.

Age, Sex, Symptoms, Address, Medical History. Date, Blood Pressure, Fever rate, Referring doctor, test details, medicines, name.

33.3

What is the role of doctors in care of client?

To make the patient comfortable and suggest him proper medications

33.4

What is the role of the pharmacist in care of client from admission to discharge?

To give proper medications to client as per prescription

33.5

Discharge planning should commence once the client has admitted. Describe the discharge planning process of Mr John (in 30-40 words).

Checking for fever, if its low and patient is feeling comfortable, then he will be discharged.

33.6

Briefly describe the discharge details to be recorded in the client’s discharge summary. .

Checking for fever, if its low and patient is feeling comfortable, then he will be discharged.

34. The human body strives to adjust to conditions that are optimal for survival. Answer the following questions on homeostasis.

34.1

Describe homeostasis .

Homeostasis is the frame’s method of keeping a strong internal environment that is critical for life.

34.2

Homeostasis and disease are inversely related. Briefly describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease (in 50-70 words).

Aging is a commonplace instance of the disorder due to homeostatic imbalances. As living organisms age, weakening of the reaction obstacles gradually leads to internal instability. This loss of homeostasis increases the threat of illness and is answerable for the physiological changes associated with ageing.

34.3

The control of body temperature in humans is a good example of homeostasis in a biological system. Concisely describe the process of body temperature regulation .

Animals aside from humans control and hold their body temperature through body shape and behavior. Desert lizards are ectotherm so they can not manage their metabolic temperature however can try this by using converting their place. They can also try this, simplest in the morning by means of lifting their head up of their buttocks and exposing their entire frame.

35. Various life processes indicate that human beings are alive. Elaborate the following life processes in your own words (in 30-50 words each).

35.1

Organisation:

It could be considered as a term used in biology and anatomy .

35.2

Processes of metabolism:

Metabolism is the whole quantity of biochemical reactions worried in keeping the cellular lifestyles of an organism.

35.3

Nutrition:

Process of taking food so that energy can be taken.

35.4

Biological maturation:

It is progress towards adult or mature state

35.5

Inheritance:

Transfer of genetic information from parent to child.

35.6

Ageing:

Phenomenon of growing old

36. Describe the levels of structural organisation of body systems from the cellular to the Organisational Level.
37. Describe the indications, action and contra indications of a commonly used medication on the human organism e.g., Aspirin, Paracetamol, Salbutamol etc.

37.1

Indications for use

250 MG/ DAY

37.2

Action

Take twice a day

37.3

Contraindications

Do not take alcohol with it

37.4

Drug

Pencillin

38. Refer the previous question: The following table gives the common disorders, problems and complaints associated with each body system and its components relevant to the nursing care you might provide for your clients in the Australian health care system. Complete the following table with regard to its definition, pathophysiology, signs and impact of specific health procedures(in 10-20 words each).

Diseases Affecting The Cardiovascular System

Angina pectoris

38.1

Definition

Chest pain due to heart disease

38.2

Briefly outline the pathophysiology

Angina pectoris is the end result of myocardial ischemia caused by an imbalance among myocardial blood supply and oxygen call for.

38.3

List four specific signs

Unconciousness

Fainting

Chest Pain

Nausea

38.4

Impact of supplimental oxygen therapy in patients with angina

If the medical treatment does the identical it may be anticipated to do the equal inspite of stable angina

39. Mr Reynold had undergone craniotomy and he is on 2nd post op day. You are there to take over the client from the staff of previous shift. Answer the following question based on the scenario.

39.1

Please complete the file “Tool – Neurological Functions” from the Handouts for the unit by recording the best response for each score of the corresponding tests involved in the tool. Please upload the completed tool in the “Attach Files” section of the question.

40. Recognize the possible clinical conditions from the acute signs and symptoms given below.

Signs and symptoms Clinical conditions (Provisional diagnosis)

40.1

Chest pressure or pain, typically on the left side of the body
• Neck or jaw pain
• Shoulder or arm pain
• A fast heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea and vomiting

40.2

A headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.
• Pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head.
• A headache that gets worse when you’re active or stops you from being active.
• Feeling sick or vomiting.
• Increased sensitivity to light and noise.

40.3

Coughing, especially at night
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

40.4

Drooped mouth.
• Inability to lift arms.
• Slurred speech.
• Dizziness, loss of balance or an unexplained fall

40.5

A 55-year-old male client presented at the emergency department with dyspnea. He claims that he has been having difficulty breathing for the past three days. It gets worse when walking up stairs and unloading groceries from the car.
General health assessment revealed-
• Inability to complete sentences
• Moderately obese
• Physical assessment: BP 145/89mmHg, RR: 22/min with distended neck veins and productive cough. 

41. Mr Reynold had undergone craniotomy and he is on 2nd post op day. You are there to take over the client from the staff of previous shift. Answer the following question based on the scenario.

41.1

Mention the tool used for assessing his level of consciousness

Loupes, microscope, camera and endoscope

References

Bassaris, H. P. (1994). SESSION II RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 3, S145-152. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199405001-00005

Cell Fine Structure: An Atlas of Drawings of Whole-Cell Structure. (1971). Annals of Internal Medicine, 75(3), 492. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-3-492_2

Rutkowski, S. (2003). Controlling asthama. Asthma Magazine, 8(6), 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asthmamag.2003.09.007